Overview of Epitalon-Highly Bioactive Pineal Tetrapeptide with Promising Properties.

Review of in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies on Epitalon

“This review aims to conclude the most important findings from such studies, thus presenting the current state of knowledge on Epitalon.”

Various biological models including cells, Drosophila, mice, rats, rhesus monkeys, and human clinical trial participants

“Our understanding of this chemical is derived from studies conducted on several biological models, which have been utilized and developed to accurately epitomize the results of experiments conducted on humans.”

Varies by study; one clinical trial included 162 patients and another included 75 women

“Overall, 162 patients with Retinitis pigmentosa, aged from 18 to 72 years, were examined.”

Varies by study; one clinical trial lasted 10 days and another 20 days

“Each patient received 5.0 µg of Epitalon per eye, injected parabulbarly for 10 consecutive days.”

Epitalon exhibits geroprotective and neuroendocrine effects, including antioxidant, neuro-protective, and antimutagenic properties

“The results of these studies indicate significant geroprotective and neuroendocrine effects of Epitalone, resulting from its antioxidant, neuro-protective, and antimutagenic effects, originating from both specific and nonspecific mechanisms.”

Epitalon influences melatonin synthesis and modulates the mitogenic activity of murine thymocytes

“Although it has been demonstrated that Epitalon exerts, among other effects, a direct influence on melatonin synthesis, alters the mRNA levels of interleukin-2, modulates the mitogenic activity of murine thymocytes, and enhances the activity of various enzymes, including AChE, BuChE, and telomerase, it remains uncertain whether these are the sole mechanisms of action of this compound.”

Epitalon increased the lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster by up to 16%

“Overall, Epitalon increased the lifespan of imago D. Melanogaster by up to 16%.”

The precise mechanism of action remains unverified and physico-chemical investigations are limited

“The precise mechanism of action of this tetrapeptide remains unverified, prompting a diversification of the research on both the methodologies employed and the criteria examined.”