Behavioral and neuropathological features of Alzheimer's disease are attenuated in 5xFAD mice treated with intranasal GHK peptide.

Animal study using transgenic mice

“Male and female 5xFAD transgenic mice on the C57BL/6J background at 4 months of age were given 15 mg/kg GHK-Cu intranasally 3 times per week for 3 months until 7 months of age.”

Male and female 5xFAD transgenic mice on C57BL/6J background

“Male and female 5xFAD transgenic mice on the C57BL/6J background at 4 months of age were given 15 mg/kg GHK-Cu intranasally 3 times per week for 3 months until 7 months of age.”

3 months

“The experiment started when mice were 4 months of age and ended when they were 7 months of age for a treatment period of three months (12 weeks).”

Intranasal GHK-Cu treatment delayed cognitive impairment in transgenic mice

“Results showed that intranasal GHK-Cu treatment delayed cognitive impairment, reduced amyloid plaques, and lowered MCP1-mediated inflammation levels in the frontal cortex and hippocampus.”

Treatment reduced amyloid plaques in the brain

“Results showed that intranasal GHK-Cu treatment delayed cognitive impairment, reduced amyloid plaques, and lowered MCP1-mediated inflammation levels in the frontal cortex and hippocampus.”

Treatment lowered MCP1-mediated inflammation levels in the frontal cortex and hippocampus

“Results showed that intranasal GHK-Cu treatment delayed cognitive impairment, reduced amyloid plaques, and lowered MCP1-mediated inflammation levels in the frontal cortex and hippocampus.”

Long-term effects on cognitive performance are limited and neurodegeneration extent was not evaluated

“However, evidence supporting the long-term effects of intranasal GHK-Cu on cognitive performance of 5xFAD mice is limited [34, 36], emphasizing the need for additional studies.”