Aging and Thymosin Alpha-1.

Review article summarizing preclinical and clinical studies

“This review focuses on the role of thymosin-α1 (Tα1) in the aging process, as well as the potential therapeutic applications of the recombinant hybrid protein combining tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and thymosin-α1 (Refnot).”

Humans, mice, athymic mice, rhesus macaques, rats, and rabbits

“To date, there are a limited number of studies demonstrating the effects of Tα1 on the immune system of elderly organisms.”

Thymic involution leads to reduced T-cell production and increased susceptibility to age-related diseases

“Aging is characterized by immune decline, mainly due to thymic involution—the age-related shrinkage of the thymus gland.”

Thymosin alpha-1 exhibits immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties

“Thymosin alpha-1 (Tα1), a peptide hormone produced by the thymus, exhibits potent immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties.”

Refnot combines immunomodulation with antitumor activity but has reduced toxicity compared to TNF-alpha

“The hybrid drug Refnot (a fusion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and Tα1) combines Tα1’s immunomodulation with TNF’s antitumor activity but has reduced toxicity.”

Further research is needed to validate long-term efficacy and safety in geriatrics

“Further research is needed to validate its long-term efficacy and safety in geriatrics.”