Challenge of Corneal Ulcer Healing: A Novel Conceptual Framework, the "Triad" of Corneal Ulcer Healing/Corneal Neovascularization/Intraocular Pressure, and Avascular Tendon Healing, for Evaluation of Corneal Ulcer Therapy, Therapy of Neovascularization, Glaucoma Therapy, and Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Efficacy.

Review of preclinical and clinical evidence regarding corneal ulcer healing, neovascularization, intraocular pressure, and tendon healing

“To this point, this review attempts to promote a new therapy way, based on the available standard agents [1,2], and those recently introduced (i.e., stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 [3]).”

Rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, chicks, mice, and humans

“The preclinical evidence is consistent in rat, rabbit, and chicken models + in-vitro tenocyte/tendon-derived stem cells work, as reported acceleration of tendon repair besides earlier angiogenesis includes increased fibroblast/tenocyte activity, greater type I collagen production, larger collagen fibril diameter, better collagen organization, and improved biomechanical strength.”

BPC 157 therapy rapidly normalizes elevated intraocular pressure, preserves retinal integrity, restores pupil function, maintains corneal transparency, and counteracts corneal neovascularization and dry eye in preclinical models.

“BPC 157 rapidly normalizes elevated intraocular pressure in glaucomatous rats, preserves retinal integrity, restores pupil function, maintains corneal transparency during ulcer or abrasion healing, and counteracts both corneal neovascularization and dry eye.”

BPC 157 demonstrates consistent efficacy in tendon injury models, highlighting a cytoprotective specificity across avascular tissues.

“In parallel, its consistent efficacy in tendon injury models highlights a cytoprotective specificity across avascular tissues.”

Standard therapeutic agents for corneal ulcers, neovascularization, or glaucoma reveal shared pathways and inconsistencies when mapped onto the proposed triad framework.

“Furthermore, mapping standard therapeutic agents used for corneal ulcers, neovascularization, or glaucoma onto this triad, and linking them with tendon healing, reveals both shared pathways and inconsistencies across existing drug classes.”

Human studies performed so far are scarce and have limitations including small sample sizes, lack of ethnic variation, and absence of sham control groups.

“although the human studies performed so far are scarce, with limitations in some of them (i.e., they lacked a large sample size, ethnic variation, and a sham control group).”