Injectable Peptide Therapy: A Primer for Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Physicians.

Narrative review

“Narrative review.”

Biochemical and clinical studies on injectable peptide therapy

“A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed to identify biochemical and clinical studies on the most popular types of injectable peptide therapy.”

BPC-157 findings are largely unvalidated in human trials despite potential benefits in tendon and muscle repair.

“BPC-157 demonstrated potential benefits in tendon and muscle repair, but these findings are largely unvalidated in human trials.”

TB-4 and TB-500 promoted angiogenesis and tissue repair in preclinical models but lack human orthopaedic data.

“TB-4 and its derivative TB-500 promoted angiogenesis and tissue repair in preclinical models, but human orthopaedic data are lacking, and both remain banned substances in sports.”

GHK-Cu showed promise in wound healing and anti-inflammatory effects but lacks clinical data for musculoskeletal conditions.

“GHK-Cu showed promise in wound healing and anti-inflammatory effects, but no clinical data support its use for musculoskeletal conditions.”

Significant lack of evidence to support clinical use and unknown treatment parameters.

“While peptide therapy may possess significant therapeutic and regenerative potential, it is critical that orthopaedic and sports medicine providers understand the current lack of evidence to support the clinical use of these peptides.”