Peptide Supplements and Their Therapeutic Applications in Sports Medicine.

Scoping review

“Scoping review.”

Animal and human models

“To summarize existing peer-reviewed data on 6 emerging peptides (BPC-157, thymosin beta-4 or TB-500, CJC-1295, MK-677, ipamorelin, and GHK-Cu [copper peptide]) for musculoskeletal recovery and enhancement in animal and human models.”

Most identified publications utilized preclinical animal models.

“Overall, 67% of identified publications utilized preclinical animal models.”

Human clinical studies were limited and lacked robust controls.

“Human clinical studies were limited to a handful of investigations, most lacking robust controls or rigorous study designs.”

Claimed benefits remain unsubstantiated by current human trials.

“Despite promising findings in animal studies, the claimed benefits of emerging peptide supplements for musculoskeletal recovery and performance remain unsubstantiated by current human trials.”

Human data were heterogeneous and studies lacked robust controls.

“Human data were heterogeneous and revealed modest improvements at best for metabolic bone health and degenerative knee pain.”