GLP-1 and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists' psychopharmacology and putative neuropsychiatric associated effects: a Bradford Hill-informed, systematic, evaluation.

Narrative review applying Bradford Hill criteria for causal inference

“This review evaluates evidence linking both GLP-1 and GIP/GLP-1RAs’ exposure to a range of neuropsychiatric outcomes using the Bradford Hill criteria for causal inference.”

Current evidence supports biological plausibility for neuropsychiatric effects but is insufficient to establish causality for most outcomes

“Current evidence supports potential biological plausibility of a relationship between GLP-1 RAs and a range of psychopathological disorders but remains insufficient to establish causality for most neuropsychiatric outcomes, suggesting the need for prospective, mechanism-informed clinical studies.”