Kisspeptin · research summary

Syndrome differentiation and treatment of pediatric central precocious puberty: role of the spleen-kidney axis.

Frontiers in immunology · 2026. Summary drawn from the study's full text. Each statement is followed by the exact sentence it comes from. This is a research summary, not medical advice.

Study type

Narrative review
“In this review, we have discussed the role of kidney and spleen dysfunction in CPP and explored the underlying mechanisms – particularly in the context of the neuro-endocrine-immune network that links central neuroendocrine activation with peripheral immune-metabolic signals.”

Subjects

Children with pediatric central precocious puberty (CPP)
“Pediatric central precocious puberty (CPP) is driven by premature activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, along with immune-inflammatory imbalance, metabolic dysfunction, obesity, and gut microbiota-derived signals.”

Reported findings

Available clinical evidence suggests potential benefits of TCM in controlling secondary sexual characteristics, reducing gonadotropin and sex-steroid levels, and slowing bone-age advancement.
“Available clinical evidence suggests potential benefits in controlling secondary sexual characteristics, reducing gonadotropin and sex-steroid levels, and slowing bone-age advancement.”
Mechanistic studies indicate possible regulation of kisspeptin/GPR54/GnRH and LH/FSH-sex-steroid signaling, Th1/Th2/Treg homeostasis, NF-κB/NLRP3 pathways, adipokine imbalance, insulin resistance, hypothalamic inflammation, and gut microbiota-associated metabolism.
“Mechanistic studies indicate possible regulation of kisspeptin/GPR54/GnRH and LH/FSH-sex-steroid signaling, Th1/Th2/Treg homeostasis, NF-κB/NLRP3 pathways, adipokine imbalance, insulin resistance, hypothalamic inflammation, and gut microbiota-associated metabolism.”
Most mechanistic links remain indirect, comparative trials are scarce, and direct correction of pathogenic MKRN3 or DLK1 variants has not been demonstrated.
“However, most mechanistic links remain indirect, comparative trials are scarce, and direct correction of pathogenic MKRN3 or DLK1 variants has not been demonstrated.”

Limitations stated by the authors

Most mechanistic links are indirect, comparative trials are scarce, and direct correction of pathogenic variants has not been demonstrated.
“However, most mechanistic links remain indirect, comparative trials are scarce, and direct correction of pathogenic MKRN3 or DLK1 variants has not been demonstrated.”

Source: PubMed 42713456 · DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1900121 · all study summaries

Study type

Narrative review

“In this review, we have discussed the role of kidney and spleen dysfunction in CPP and explored the underlying mechanisms – particularly in the context of the neuro-endocrine-immune network that links central neuroendocrine activation with peripheral immune-metabolic signals.”

Reported findings

Available clinical evidence suggests potential benefits of TCM in controlling secondary sexual characteristics, reducing gonadotropin and sex-steroid levels, and slowing bone-age advancement.

“Available clinical evidence suggests potential benefits in controlling secondary sexual characteristics, reducing gonadotropin and sex-steroid levels, and slowing bone-age advancement.”

Mechanistic studies indicate possible regulation of kisspeptin/GPR54/GnRH and LH/FSH-sex-steroid signaling, Th1/Th2/Treg homeostasis, NF-κB/NLRP3 pathways, adipokine imbalance, insulin resistance, hypothalamic inflammation, and gut microbiota-associated metabolism.

“Mechanistic studies indicate possible regulation of kisspeptin/GPR54/GnRH and LH/FSH-sex-steroid signaling, Th1/Th2/Treg homeostasis, NF-κB/NLRP3 pathways, adipokine imbalance, insulin resistance, hypothalamic inflammation, and gut microbiota-associated metabolism.”

Most mechanistic links remain indirect, comparative trials are scarce, and direct correction of pathogenic MKRN3 or DLK1 variants has not been demonstrated.

“However, most mechanistic links remain indirect, comparative trials are scarce, and direct correction of pathogenic MKRN3 or DLK1 variants has not been demonstrated.”

Limitations stated by the authors

Most mechanistic links are indirect, comparative trials are scarce, and direct correction of pathogenic variants has not been demonstrated.

“However, most mechanistic links remain indirect, comparative trials are scarce, and direct correction of pathogenic MKRN3 or DLK1 variants has not been demonstrated.”