Gastrointestinal adverse effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists: A narrative expert review of approved therapies, oral formulations, and pipeline agents.

Narrative expert review synthesizing evidence from randomized controlled trials, observational studies, meta-analyses, and pharmacovigilance data.

“This narrative expert review synthesizes evidence from randomized controlled trials, observational studies, meta‐analyses, and pharmacovigilance data to characterize the incidence, mechanisms, and clinical implications of GI adverse effects across approved agents and late‐stage pipeline therapies.”

Not applicable as a single study duration; the review covers literature up to March 2026.

“A structured literature search was performed across MEDLINE/PubMed (inception to March 28, 2026), Embase (inception to March 25, 2026), and the Cochrane Library (inception to February 2026 issue).”

Peri-procedural data indicate increased residual gastric volume without confirmed aspiration events.

“Peri‐procedural data show increased residual gastric volume without confirmed aspiration events.”